Sampling discrete objects onto a study area: plot sampling, Bitterlich sampling, point-to-plant sampling, line intercept sampling, strip sampling, sector sampling, line transect sampling, point transect sampling, replications.

Sampling points constituting a study area: introduction to Monte Carlo integration; uniform random sampling, tessellation stratified sampling, pure systematic sampling, one-per-stratum stratified sampling, kriging and map reconstruction

Sampling spatial units partitioning a study area: problems on areal sampling, sampling avoiding contiguous units, sampling with inclusion probability proportional to area size, sampling with selection probabilities proportional to area size, adaptive sampling, two-stage areal sampling.

Sampling strategies for large area surveys

Sampling strategies for inference on ecological diversity and diversity ordering